Ed Pigott, Ph.D.
Principal, NeuroAdvantage, LLC
All Rights Reserved, 2006

Throughout time, people have learned to enjoy our brains’ natural tendency to synchronize with pleasant light and sound stimulation.  Whether it is the rhythmic beating of drums around campfires in primitive cultures, disco dancing to throbbing music and synchronized strobe lights in the 1970’s and 80’s, or being entranced by a fire’s flickering flames while listening to jazz today, this rhythmic stimulation has the power to shape our thoughts, moods and behaviors. 

The earliest known clinical use of light stimulation was by Pierre Janet, a French psychiatrist in the early 1900’s.  Dr. Janet worked in a Parisian mental hospital and began experimenting with having his patients stare at a light that flashed at a constant rate controlled by a fan spinning in front of a lamp.  Dr. Janet found that this new form of therapy had a profound soothing effect on them. 

By using an electroencephalographic (EEG) machine, Adrian and Matthews (1934) were the first researchers to document that this flashing light therapy changed subjects’ brainwave activity (Click Here to learn more about brainwaves).  Toman (1941), followed by Walter and Walter (1949), built on this discovery and found that the hertz (Hz) frequency that the light flashed at caused the same frequency in subjects’ brainwaves to grow stronger. 

Since these early pioneers, other neuroscientists have documented the ease with which our brainwaves synchronize to repetitive light stimulation (e.g., Barlow, 1960; Frederick et al, 1999; Inouye et al, 1979; Kinney et al, 1972; Lesser et al, 1986; Nogawa et al, 1976; Pigeau & Frame, 1992; Townsend et al, 1975; Van der Tweel & Verduyn, 1965).  Neher (1961) found that this same synchronization effect occured to rythmic sound stimualtion. 

In 1999, Budzynski and associates took this research a step further.  They compared the effectiveness of academic counseling to 30 light stimulation sessions at 14 Hz for a group of academically struggling college students.  Their study found that the 14 Hz sessions not only had a positive EEG synchronization effect but that these changes persisted while the students were performing mental tasks while there was no EEG changes in those who received academic counseling.  The students who had the 30 light stimulation sessions went on to improve their GPA by an average of .7 points in the quarter following treatment termination while the students who received academic counseling averaged a slight decline in GPA (.2 points). 

Using a variety of neuro-imaging measurement tools, researchers have discovered that rythmic light and/or sound stimulation increases brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow (e.g., Aaslid, 1987; Diehl et al, 1998; Fox & Raichle, 1985; Fox et al, 1988; Kato et al, 1996; Phelps & Kuhl, 1981; Sappey-Marinier et al, 1992).   Mentis and associates (1997) found that flashing visual stimulation at different frequencies differentially activated the brain from the striate area in the visual cortex all the way through to the frontal cortex in seniors.  Altman and Bernal (2001) found that rythmic light and sound stimulation increased activation in the visual, temporal (hearing) and frontal lobes of sedated children two months to nine years old—with greater frontal lobe activation in older children. 

On the biochemical front, Kumano and associates (1997) found that multiple light stimulation sessions generated positive changes in the brain by increasing B-endorphin levels and decreasing plasma cortisol, a marker for stress.  In 1999, Shealy and associates found that rythmic light and sound stimulation sessions increased levels of serotonin, B-endorphin and norepinephrine in the brain.  Summarizing across these studies, neuroscientists have documented that rhythmic light and/or sound stimulation: 

• Strengthens those brainwave patterns that synchronize with the frequency of the flashing light and/or rhythmic sound and that these changes persist while performing mental tasks;
• Increases brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow;
• Based on the frequency, differentially activates the brain in the visual, temporal and frontal cortex even in infants and children who are sedated as well as seniors; and
• Generates positive biochemical changes in the brain including increased levels of serotonin, B-endorphin and norepinephrine, and decreased plasma cortisol, a marker for stress.
  

Clinical Applications of Light and Sound Neurotherapy (LSN) 

Clinical researchers have found that LSN is a robust treatment effective in facilitating relaxation, meditative and hypnotic states in people (Freedman & Marks, 1965; Glicksohn, 1986; Kroger & Schneider, 1959; Leonard, Telch & Harrington, 1999; Lewerenz, 1963; Richardson & McAndrew, 1990; Sadove, 1963; Thomas & Siever, 1989; Williams & West, 1975) as well as in promoting healing for numerous mental and physical conditions including: 

• Autism (Woodbury, 1996);
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Berg & Siever, 2000; Trudeau et al, 1999);
• Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia (Boersma & Gagnon, 1992; Siever, 1999);
• Dementia and Cognitive Decline Seniors (Budzynski & Sherlin, 2002; Siever, in press; Tan et al, 1997);
• Dental Anxiety and Pain (Manns et al, 1981; Morse & Chow, 1993; Siever, 2003);
• Depression in Adults and Seniors (Berg & Siever, 2005; Kumano et al, 1996; Siever, in press; Tan et al, 1997);
• Headaches (Anderson, 1989; Solomon, 1985);
• Hypertension (Siever, 2002);
• Premenstrual Syndrome (Anderson et al, 1997; Noton, 1997);
• Psychosomatic Conditions (Chijiwiina et al, 1993);
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (Berg & Siever, 1999; Siever, 2004); and
• Stroke (Rozelle & Budzynski, 1995; Russell, 1997).
  

ADHD and Learning Problems 

The most extensive LSN research has been done with ADHD and learning-impaired individuals.  Eleven studies involving over 500 people have been conducted using rhythmic light and sound stimulation to help correct the under-arousal of the frontal cortex that is often found in people with ADHD and learning disabilities.  These studies document LSN’s effectiveness for many symptoms common in people with ADHD and/or learning disabilities.  Summarizing across studies, these researchers found that LSN treatment: 

• Increased sustained attention;
• Decreased hyperactivity;
• Alternative Treatment fo Major Depression;
• Improved impulse control;
• Decreased anxiety and depression;
• Sucessful Alternative Treatment fo Major Depression and ADD;
• Improved essential learning skills including:
•     Auditory  Memory
•     Mental processing speed
•    Verbal and non-verbal IQ
• Improved academic performance;
• Generated improvements equal, or superior, to stimulant medication; and                                                                                                                                                        
• Maintained the treatment gains made in IQ and ability to sustain attention for up to 16-months following treatment termination.

Click Here to learn more about LSN research and practice for ADHD and Learning Problems. 

Why Is LSN Helpful for Such a Wide Variety of Conditions? 

Several researchers (Budzynski, 1998; Noton, 1997; Toomim et al, 2004) have proposed that increased cerebral blood flow is the underlying mechanism that generates the therapeutic effect for different types of neurotherapy.  Numerous neuro-imaging studies document the presence of hypoperfusion (i.e., insufficient cerebral blood flow) in various regions of the brain as diagnostic markers in a host of different disorders.  These include: 

• ADHD (Amen & Carmichael, 1997; Lou et al, 1984; Oner et al, 2005; Seig et al, 1995; Zametkin et al, 1990; 1993);
• Autism (Ohnishi et al, 2000; George et al, 1992; Wilcox et al, 2002);
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Bou-Holaigah, 1995);
• Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia (Newberg et al 2005; Kwiatek. et al, 2000);
• Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Seniors (Celsis et al, 1997; Heiss, et al, 1992; Meyer et al, 1993; Sackeim et al, 1993);
• Depression (Doraiswamy et al, 1999; Liotti et al, 2002; Ohgami et al, 2005; Sackeim et al, 1993);
• Headaches (Woods et al, 1994);
• Head Trauma (Ichise et al, 1994);
• Premenstrual Syndrome (Buchpiguel et al, 2000; Noton, 1997);
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (Matthew et al, 1996); and
• Stroke (Austin et al, 1975; Cramer, 2004).

Fried (1993) documented that areas of the cortex with hypoperfusion also have increased theta (4-7 Hz) waves when measured by putting an EEG electrode on the scalp surface in that area of the brain.  Given the number of disorders related to hypoperfusion in one or more regions of the brain, it makes sense that a treatment strategy that increases blood flow in various regions of the brain would help to remediate these conditions if applied regularly over an extended period of time.  LSN is an ideal treatment strategy for accomplishing this objective because it is a pleasant, efficient and affordable means of increasing cerebral blood flow throughout the brain’s cortex. 

The best current understanding of LSN is that it differentially activates the brain’s visual and temporal lobes all the way through to the frontal cortex (Mentis et al, 1997; Altman & Bernal, 2001).  This activation increases cerebral blood flow and brain metabolism (e.g., Aaslid, 1987; Fox & Raichle, 1985; Fox et al, 1988; Kato et al, 1996; Sappey-Marinier et al, 1992) as well as strengthens those brainwaves that synchronize with the frequency at which the LSN device is operating (e.g., Barlow, 1960; Frederick et al, 1999; Neher, 1961; Walter & Walter, 1949).  The synchronization effect results in higher frequency brainwave activity for people with slow brainwave disorders that persist even when the person is engaged in mental tasks (Budzynski et al, 1999).  This improvement in the person’s brain functioning enhances his or her level of relaxation and mental clarity thereby triggering a virtuous cycle of additional positive effects. 

More research needs to be done to better understand, and further enhance, LSN’s effectiveness for people with various types of hypoperfusion and slow brainwave disorders.  No neuro-imaging studies have been conducted examining the lasting effects of multiple LSN training sessions on the brain’s metabolism and cerebral blood flow.  Budzynski et al, (1999) is the only study to examine the enduring effects of multiple light stimulation sessions on people’s brainwave patterns and these results were very promising. 

Additional research is also needed to determine what the best LSN frequencies are to use in training for each of these disorders.  Likewise, it is not clear if it is best for the person to use a single LSN program throughout the course of treatment versus using a variety of different types of LSN training sessions. 

While it is necessary in research to follow a standardized LSN training protocol, better results are likely achieved in clinical practice by varying the types of training sessions used provided that a psychologist or other healthcare professional is closely monitoring effectiveness.  Clinical practice shows that enlisting people in the discovery process of what works best for them enhances their commitment to treatment and perception of personal effectiveness.  Albert Bandura (1977) discovered that when a person’s sense of perceived self-efficacy increases, its impact is profound and life changing.  Few things in life are more empowering than to discover that you can positively effect your own brain’s development. 

Fundamentally, LSN training for any disorder exercises the brain’s mechanisms for arousal and attention thereby increasing neuronal activity and its associated cerebral blood flow.  This increased neuronal activity and blood flow appears to promote a healing effect in the brain thereby triggering a cascade of positive outcomes for the person.  Clinical strategies that increase people’s commitment to the LSN treatment process are therefore critical to its success. 

Like any conditioning process, varying the training exercises enhances the overall effects with the healthcare professional playing the role of personal trainer.  In this process, key advantages for LSN are that the sessions themselves are enjoyable and people typically have an immediate and measurable positive response after only their first session (Budzynski, 1998; Budzynski et al, 1999).  This enables the consulting professional to work with the person to design a LSN training program that’s engaging and tailored to best meet his or her individual needs. 

The NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer 

The NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer is the most advanced LSN device available on the market today.  Its technology can stimulate each side of the brain either separately or in concert.  This patented feature enables the NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer to be programmed with LSN training sessions that are very engaging and based on the latest research taking advantage of the well-known fact that the right and left sides of the brain perform different functions.  When stimulated properly, each side of your brain makes its own crucial contribution to its overall health thereby triggering the resulting benefits to you.

The NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer has different models that are programmed with specific training sessions based on research and clinical experience to help people: 

• Relax Their Mind & Body
• Improve Mental Concentration & Memory  
• Enhance Academic Performance
• Improve Impulse Control
• Feel Better by Decreasing Ruminative Thinking
• Improve Sleep
• Enhance Meditation Skills 

A peak performance training model is also available for athletes, executives, students and others wanting to optimize their likelihood for success in mentally and/or physically demanding endeavors. 

The NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer is portable, affordable, easy to use and includes a paced breathing tool to help you develop the long, graceful breathing cycles common in meditation.  In addition to providing the full range of LSN frequencies, the NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer is equipped to allow music or audio content to be played during training sessions through its stereo headphones from MP3 and CD players. 

To further enhance effectiveness, NeuroAdvantage™ psychologists have produced a series of audio recordings for use during your LSN training sessions.  These recordings cover a variety of topics and incorporate positive affirmations, guided visualizations and hypnotic suggestions to help you grow and make desired changes in your life.  Examples include: 

• Positive Thinking
• Deep Relaxation
• Increase Your Motivation
• Quiet Your Mind
• Manage Pain
• Find Forgiveness
• Heal Relationships
• Enjoy Exercise
• Test-Taking Success
• Master Mindfulness Meditation
• Improve Golf
• Visualize Success  (Click Here to See Our Growing List of Custom CD's with Light & Sound Programming)

Though designed for home use, the NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer is sold only in conjunction with professional services from a licensed psychologist or other trained healthcare professional.   Although research and clinical experience has confirmed the NeuroAdvantage™ Trainer’s effectiveness for many people in promoting their improved health, each individual is different and may respond to it differently.  Working with a NeuroAdvantage™ trained healthcare professional helps to ensure your safety and maximize the effectiveness of this powerful technology for you. (Click here to learn more about our professional coaching services.)

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